Class 10 Geography · Chapter 6 NotesManufacturing Industries

Manufacturing is the production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials into more valuable products. The manufacturing sector is called the backbone of development because it modernises agriculture, which is the backbone of our economy, and reduces heavy dependence on agricultural income by providing jobs in the secondary and tertiary sectors. Industrial development is a precondition for removing unemployment and poverty. This was the main philosophy behind public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India, which also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by setting up industries in tribal and backward areas. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings in foreign exchange. Countries that transform raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous, so India's prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries quickly. Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other; they move hand in hand. Agro-industries depend on agriculture for raw materials and sell products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools to farmers. In today's globalised world, Indian industry must be efficient and competitive, and manufactured goods must match international quality.

• Manufacturingproduction of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials into more valuable products.
• Secondary sectorworkers employed in steel factories, car, breweries, textile industries and bakeries.
• The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.

Industries are classified in several ways so that their manufacturing can be understood better. On the basis of the source of raw materials, they are agro-based (cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil) or mineral-based (iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals). According to their main role, basic or key industries supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods, such as iron and steel, copper smelting and aluminium smelting, while consumer industries produce goods for direct use by consumers, such as sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines and fans. On the basis of capital investment, a small scale industry is defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit; this limit has changed over time and at present the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore. On the basis of ownership, industries may be public sector (owned and operated by government agencies, such as BHEL and SAIL), private sector (owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals, such as TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd. and Dabur Industries), joint sector (jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals, such as Oil India Ltd.), or cooperative sector (owned and operated by producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both, who pool resources and share profits or losses proportionately, such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra and the coir industry in Kerala). On the basis of bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods, industries are heavy industries such as iron and steel, or light industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical goods industries.

• Agro-basedcotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil.
• Mineral-basediron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals.
• Basic or key industriessupply products as raw materials to manufacture other goods, e.g. iron and steel, copper smelting, aluminium smelting.
• Consumer industriesproduce goods for direct use by consumers, e.g. sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans.
• Public sectorBHEL, SAIL. Private sector: TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries. Joint sector: Oil India Ltd. Cooperative sector: sugar industry in Maharashtra, coir industry in Kerala.

Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil industries are based on agricultural raw materials. The textile industry occupies a unique position because it contributes significantly to industrial production, employment generation and foreign exchange earnings, and it is the only industry in the country that is self-reliant and complete in the value chain, from raw material to the highest value added products. In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving. After the 18th century, power-looms came into use, and our traditional industries suffered a setback during the colonial period because they could not compete with mill-made cloth from England. The first successful textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854. The two world wars created demand for cloth in the United Kingdom and gave a boost to the cotton textile industry. In the early years, the industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat because of availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities, labour and moist climate. Spinning is centralised in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, while weaving is highly decentralised. Weaving is done by handloom, powerloom and mills, and handspun khadi provides large scale employment to weavers at home as a cottage industry. India has world class production in spinning, but weaving supplies low quality fabric as it cannot use much of the high quality yarn produced in the country. Jute textiles: India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands second as an exporter after Bangladesh. Most mills are in West Bengal along the banks of the Hugli river. The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1855 at Rishra. After Partition in 1947, the jute mills remained in India but three-fourth of the jute producing area went to Bangladesh. Location factors in the Hugli basin include proximity of jute producing areas, inexpensive water transport, a good network of railways, roadways and waterways, abundant water for processing raw jute, cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states, and Kolkata as a large urban centre providing banking, insurance and port facilities. Sugar industry: India stands second as a world producer of sugar but first in the production of gur and khandsari. The raw material is bulky and its sucrose content reduces during haulage, so mills are located in the cane growing states. Sixty per cent of mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The industry is seasonal, so it is ideally suited to the cooperative sector. In recent years, mills have tended to shift to southern and western states, especially Maharashtra, because the cane there has higher sucrose content, the cooler climate ensures a longer crushing season, and cooperatives are more successful in these states.

• First successful cotton textile millMumbai, 1854.
• First jute millnear Kolkata, 1855, at Rishra.
• India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and second as an exporter after Bangladesh.
• India is second as a world producer of sugar and first in the production of gur and khandsari.

Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral-based industries. The iron and steel industry is the basic industry because all other industries, heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery. Steel is needed to manufacture engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods. Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country's development. Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all raw materials and finished goods are heavy and bulky, entailing heavy transportation costs. Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1, and some manganese is needed to harden the steel. The Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries because of low cost of iron ore, high grade raw materials in proximity, cheap labour and vast growth potential in the home market. Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India. Aluminium is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong when mixed with other metals. It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires, and has gained popularity as a substitute for steel, copper, zinc and lead. Bauxite, the raw material, is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured rock. Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material at minimum cost are the two prime factors for the location of the industry. Aluminium smelting plants are located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. The chemical industry is fast growing and diversifying, with both large and small scale units and rapid growth in inorganic and organic sectors. Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash and caustic soda, and these industries are widely spread over the country. Organic chemicals include petrochemicals used for synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals; organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants. The chemical industry is its own largest consumer. The fertiliser industry is centred around nitrogenous fertilisers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilisers, ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilisers having a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) and potash (K). Potash is entirely imported as the country has no reserves of commercially usable potash or potassium compounds. After the Green Revolution the industry expanded to several parts of the country; Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute half of the fertiliser production. Cement is essential for construction of houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports and dams. It requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica and gypsum, and coal, electric power and rail transportation. The first cement plant was s

• Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1.
• Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries.
• Aluminium smelting plantsOdisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
• First cement plantChennai, 1904.

Automobiles provide vehicles for quick transport of goods, services and passengers. Trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles, scooters, three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles are manufactured in India at various centres. After liberalisation, the coming in of new and contemporary models stimulated demand for vehicles in the market, which led to healthy growth of the industry, including passenger cars, two-wheelers and three-wheelers. The automobile industry is located around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru. The information technology and electronics industry covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other equipments required by the telecommunication industry. Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India. Other important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore. The major industry concentration is at Bengaluru, Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune. A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation. The continuing growth in hardware and software is the key to the success of the IT industry in India.

• Automobile centresDelhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.
• Bengaluru is the electronic capital of India.
• Major electronics concentrationBengaluru, Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune.

Although industries contribute significantly to India's economic growth and development, the increase in pollution of land, water, air and noise, and the resulting degradation of the environment, cannot be overlooked. Industries are responsible for four types of pollution: air, water, land and noise. The polluting industries also include thermal power plants. Air pollution is caused by the presence of a high proportion of undesirable gases such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide, and by air-borne particulate materials containing solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays, mist and smoke. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and by the burning of fossil fuels in factories that ignore pollution norms. Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects. Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole. Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers. The main culprits are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury, pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber into water bodies. Fly ash, phospho-gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India. Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling. Wastes from nuclear power plants and nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. Dumping of wastes such as glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and garbage renders the soil useless, and rain water percolates through the soil carrying pollutants to the ground water. Noise pollution results in irritation and anger, and can cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure. Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress. Industrial and construction activities, high machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills also make a lot of noise.

• Four types of industrial pollutionair, water, land and noise.
• Air pollutantssulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, dust, sprays, mist and smoke.
• Water pollutantsdyes, detergents, acids, salts, heavy metals like lead and mercury, pesticides, fertilisers, plastics and rubber.
• Major solid wastes in Indiafly ash, phospho-gypsum and iron and steel slags.

Every litre of waste water discharged by our industry pollutes eight times the quantity of freshwater. Industrial pollution of fresh water can be reduced by minimising the use of water for processing through reuse and recycling in two or more successive stages, harvesting rainwater to meet water requirements, and treating hot water and effluents before releasing them into rivers and ponds. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases: primary treatment by mechanical means, which involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation; secondary treatment by biological process; and tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes, which involves recycling of wastewater. Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat to ground water resources also needs to be regulated legally. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories. Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers. Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise, and noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones. The challenge of sustainable development requires integration of economic development with environmental concerns. NTPC, a major power providing corporation in India, has ISO certification for EMS (Environment Management System) 14001 and has adopted a proactive approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil and gas and fuels in places where it is setting up power plants. This has been possible through optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment, minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation, providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation, reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management, and ecological monitoring, reviews and on-line database management for all its power stations.

• Three phases of effluent treatmentprimary (mechanical), secondary (biological), tertiary (biological, chemical and physical).
• Air pollution control deviceselectrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
• NTPC has ISO certification for EMS 14001.